References

Adnet, S. (2006). Biometric analysis of the teeth of fossil and Recent hexanchid sharks and its taxonomic implications.Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 51​ (3).

Agić, H., Högström, A. E., Moczydłowska, M., Jensen, S., Palacios, T., Meinhold, G., ... & Høyberget, M. (2019). Organically-preserved multicellular eukaryote from the early Ediacaran Nyborg Formation, Arctic Norway. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-12.​

Aldridge, R. J., Briggs, D. E. G., Smith, M. P., Clarkson, E. N. K., & Clark, N. D. L. (1993). The anatomy of conodonts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 340(1294), 405-421.

Alvarenga, H., 1983. Una ave ratite do paleoceno brasileiro: Bacia Calcária de Itaboraí, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Boletin Museu Nacional Do Rio Do Janeiro, Geologia 41, 1–7.
​
Anderson, J. S., Reisz, R. R., Scott, D., Fröbisch, N. B., & Sumida, S. S. (2008). A stem batrachian from the Early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders. Nature, 453(7194), 515.
​
Anderson, P. S. L., Friedman, M., & Ruta, M. (2013). Late to the Table: Diversification of Tetrapod Mandibular Biomechanics Lagged Behind the Evolution of Terrestriality.   Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 53, Issue 2, 1 August 2013, p. 197–208.

Andreev, P. S., & Cuny, G. (2012). New Triassic stem selachimorphs (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) and their bearing on the evolution of dental enameloid in Neoselachii. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 32(2), 255-266.​

Apesteguía, S., Gómez, R.O., Rougier, G.W. (2014). The youngest South American rhynchocephalian, a survivor of the K/Pg extinction. Proc. R. Soc. B 281: 20140811​.

Archangelsky, S., & Brett, D. W. (1963). Studies on Triassic Fossil Plants from Argentina: II. Michelilloa waltonii nov. gen. et spec. from the Ischigualasto Formation. Annals of Botany, 27(1), 147-154.

Archangelsky, S., & Villar de Seoane, L. (1996). Estudios palinológicos de la Formación Baqueró (Cretácico), provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina. VII. Ameghiniana, 33(3), 307-313.

Argyriou, T., Giles, S., Friedman, M., Romano, C., Kogan, I., & Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. (2018). Internal cranial anatomy of Early Triassic species of †Saurichthys (Actinopterygii: †Saurichthyiformes): implications for the phylogenetic placement of† saurichthyiforms. BMC evolutionary biology, 18(1), 161.

​Arratia, G. (2017). New Triassic teleosts (Actinopterygii, Teleosteomorpha) from northern Italy and their phylogenetic relationships among the most basal teleosts. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37(2), e1312690.

Arrigo, N., Therrien, J., Anderson, C. L., Windham, M. D., Haufler, C. H., & Barker, M. S. (2013). A total evidence approach to understanding phylogenetic relationships and ecological diversity in Selaginella subg. Tetragonostachys. American Journal of Botany, 100(8), 1672-1682.

Ascarrunz, E., Rage, J. C., Legreneur, P., & Laurin, M. (2016). Triadobatrachus massinoti, the earliest known lissamphibian (Vertebrata: Tetrapoda) re-examined by μCT scan, and the evolution of trunk length in batrachians. Contributions to Zoology, 85(2), 201-234.​

Averianov, A., Martin, T., Lopatin, A., & Krasnolutskii, S. (2015). Stem therian mammal Amphibetulimus from the Middle Jurassic of Siberia. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 89(2), 197-206.

Axsmith, B. J. (2009). A new Cynepteris from the Upper Triassic of Arizona: potential implications for the early diversification of schizaealean ferns. International journal of plant sciences, 170(5), 657-665.

Axsmith, B. J., Krings, M., & Taylor, T. N. (2001). A filmy fern from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina (USA). American Journal of Botany, 88(9), 1558-1567.

​Bajdek, P., Qvarnström, M., Owocki, K., Sulej, T., Sennikov, A. G., Golubev, V. K., & Niedźwiedzki, G. (2016). Microbiota and food residues including possible evidence of pre‐mammalian hair in Upper Permian coprolites from Russia.   Lethaia, 49 (4), 455-477.

Baker, A. J., Haddrath, O., McPherson, J. D., & Cloutier, A. (2014). Genomic support for a moa–tinamou clade and adaptive morphological convergence in flightless ratites.   Molecular Biology and Evolution, 31 (7), 1686-1696.

Bardack, D. (1991). First fossil hagfish (Myxinoidea): a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois.   Science, 254(5032), 701-703.

Basinger, J. F., & Dilcher, D. L. (1984). Ancient bisexual flowers. Science, 224(4648), 511-513.

Bateman, R. M. (2020). Hunting the Snark: the flawed search for mythical Jurassic angiosperms. Journal of Experimental Botany, 71(1), 22-35.

Bateman, R. M., Hilton, J., & Rudall, P. J. (2006). Morphological and molecular phylogenetic context of the angiosperms: contrasting the ‘top-down’and ‘bottom-up’approaches used to infer the likely characteristics of the first flowers. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57(13), 3471-3503.

Bateman, R. M., & Hilton, J. (2009). Palaeobotanical systematics for the phylogenetic age: applying organ species, form species and phylogenetic species concepts in a framework of reconstructed fossil and extant whole plants. Taxon, 58(4), 1254-1280.

Beaulieu, J. M., O'Meara, B. C., Crane, P., & Donoghue, M. J. (2015). Heterogeneous rates of molecular evolution and diversification could explain the Triassic age estimate for angiosperms. Systematic biology, 64(5), 869-878.

Bechteler, J., Schmidt, A. R., Renner, M. A., Wang, B., Pérez-Escobar, O. A., Schäfer-Verwimp, A., ... & Heinrichs, J. (2017). A Burmese amber fossil of Radula (Porellales, Jungermanniopsida) provides insights into the Cretaceous evolution of epiphytic lineages of leafy liverworts. Fossil Record, 20(2), 201-213.

Benoit, J., Manger, P. R., & Rubidge, B. S. (2016). Palaeoneurological clues to the evolution of defining mammalian soft tissue traits.   Scientific reports, 6, 25604.

Benson, R. B. (2012). Interrelationships of basal synapsids: cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 10(4), 601-624.

Benton, M. J. (1999). Scleromochlus taylori and the origin of dinosaurs and pterosaurs.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 354(1388), 1423-1446.

Benton, M. J., Donoghue, P. C., Asher, R. J., Friedman, M., Near, T. J., & Vinther, J. (2015). Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history. Palaeontologia Electronica, 18(1), 1-106.

Bernardi, M., Angielczyk, K. D., Mitchell, J. S., & Ruta, M. (2016). Phylogenetic stability, tree shape, and character compatibility: a case study using early tetrapods. Systematic biology, 65(5), 737-758.

Berry, C. M., Yi, W., & Chongyang, C. (2003). A lycopsid with novel reproductive structures from the Upper Devonian of Jiangsu, China. International journal of plant sciences, 164(2), 263-273.

Berv, J. S., & Field, D. J. (2017). Genomic signature of an avian Lilliput effect across the K-Pg extinction. Systematic biology, 67(1), 1-13.​

Bever, G. S., Lyson, T. R., Field, D. J., & Bhullar, B. A. S. (2015). Evolutionary origin of the turtle skull. Nature, 525(7568), 239.​

​Bi, S., Jin, X., Li, S., & Du, T. (2015). A new Cretaceous metatherian mammal from Henan, China. PeerJ, 3, e896.

Biology Online Dictionary (https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Main_Page).

Bippus, A. C., Stockey, R. A., Rothwell, G. W., & Tomescu, A. M. (2017). Extending the fossil record of Polytrichaceae: Early Cretaceous Meantoinea alophosioides gen. et sp. nov., permineralized gametophytes with gemma cups from Vancouver Island. American journal of botany, 104(4), 584-597.

Blieck, A., & Elliott, D. K. (2017). Pteraspidomorphs (Vertebrata), the Old Red Sandstone, and the special case of the Brecon Beacons National Park, Wales, UK. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 128(3), 438-446.

Bomfleur, B., Grimm, G. W., & McLoughlin, S. (2017). The fossil Osmundales (Royal Ferns)—a phylogenetic network analysis, revised taxonomy, and evolutionary classification of anatomically preserved trunks and rhizomes. PeerJ, 5, e3433.

Bonamo, P. M. (1977). Rellimia thomsonii (Progymnospermopsida) from the Middle Devonian of New York State. American Journal of Botany, 64(10), 1272-1285.

Borsuk-Bialynicka, M., & Evans, S. E. (2002). The scapulocoracoid of an Early Triassic stem-frog from Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 47(1).

​Bottjer, D. J., Davidson, E. H., Peterson, K. J., & Cameron, R. A. (2006). Paleogenomics of echinoderms. Science, 314(5801), 956-960.

Boyce, C. K., & DiMichele, W. A. (2016). Arborescent lycopsid productivity and lifespan: Constraining the possibilities. Review of palaeobotany and palynology, 227, 97-110.

​Brazeau, M. D., & Friedman, M. (2015). The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates. Nature, 520(7548), 490.

Brazeau, M., Giles, S., Dearden, R., Jerve, A., Ariunchimeg, Y., Zorig, E., ... & Castiello, M. (2020). Endochondral bone in an Early Devonian'placoderm'from Mongolia.   Nature Ecology & Evolution,   4,   1477–1484.

Brochu, C. A. (2003). Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 31(1), 357-397.​

​Brochu, C. A. (2004). A new Late Cretaceous gavialoid crocodylian from eastern North America and the phylogenetic relationships of thoracosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(3), 610-633.

Brochu, C. A., Wagner, J. R., Jouve, S., Sumrall, C. D., & Densmore, L. D. (2009). A correction corrected: consensus over the meaning of Crocodylia and why it matters. Systematic Biology, 58(5), 537-543.

​Bronzati, M., Montefeltro, F. C., & Langer, M. C. (2015). Diversification events and the effects of mass extinctions on Crocodyliformes evolutionary history. Royal Society open science, 2(5), 140385.

Broom, R. (1903). On the skull of a true Lizard (Paliguana whitei) from the Triassic beds of South Africa. Records of the Albany Museum 1(1):1-3.

​Broughton, R. E., Betancur-R, R., Li, C., Arratia, G., & Ortí, G. (2013). Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution. PLoS currents, 5.

​Budd, G. E., & Jensen, S. (2017). The origin of the animals and a ‘Savannah’hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution. Biological Reviews, 92(1), 446-473.

Buick, R. (2010). Ancient acritarchs. Nature, 463(7283), 885-886.

​Burki, F., Kaplan, M., Tikhonenkov, D. V., Zlatogursky, V., Minh, B. Q., Radaykina, L. V., ... & Keeling, P. J. (2016). Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283(1823), 20152802.

Butler, R. J., Brusatte, S. L., Reich, M., Nesbitt, S. J., Schoch, R. R., & Hornung, J. J. (2011). The sail-backed reptile Ctenosauriscus from the latest Early Triassic of Germany and the timing and biogeography of the early archosaur radiation. PLoS One, 6(10), e25693.

Butterfield, N. J. (2000). Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes. Paleobiology , 26( 3), 386-404.

Butterfield, N. J. (2015). Early evolution of the Eukaryota. Palaeontology, 58(1), 5-17.

Carr, R. K., & Jackson, G. L. (2008, October). The vertebrate fauna of the Cleveland Member (Famennian) of the Ohio Shale. In Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of the Cleveland Member of the Ohio Shale (68th Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Cleveland, Ohio.

Carroll, R. L. (1964). The earliest reptiles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 45(304), 61-83.

Cascales-Minana, B., Xue, J. Z., Rial, G., Gerrienne, P., Huang, P., & Steemans, P. (2019). Revisiting the spore assemblages from the Lower Devonian Posongchong Formation of Wenshan, Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 108(4), 339-354.​
​
Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E. E., Snell, E. A., Berney, C., Fiore-Donno, A. M., & Lewis, R. (2014). Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa.   Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 81 , 71-85.
​
Cavalier-Smith, T., Fiore-Donno, A. M., Chao, E., Kudryavtsev, A., Berney, C., Snell, E. A., & Lewis, R. (2015). Multigene phylogeny resolves deep branching of Amoebozoa.   Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 83, 293-304.

Challands, T. J., Smithson, T. R., Clack, J. A., Bennett, C. E., Marshall, J. E., Wallace-Johnson, S. M., & Hill, H. (2019). A lungfish survivor of the end-Devonian extinction and an Early Carboniferous dipnoan radiation. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 1-22.​

Chase, M. W., Christenhusz, M. J. M., Fay, M. F., Byng, J. W., Judd, W. S., Soltis, D. E., ... & Stevens, P. F. (2016). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 181(1), 1-20.

Chater, C. C., Caine, R. S., Fleming, A. J., & Gray, J. E. (2017). Origins and evolution of stomatal development. Plant Physiology, 174(2), 624-638.

Chen, C. F., Foley, J., Tang, P. C., Li, A., Jiang, T. X., Wu, P., ... & Chuong, C. M. (2015). Development, regeneration, and evolution of feathers. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci., 3(1), 169-195.​

Chen, D., Blom, H., Sanchez, S., Tafforeau, P., & Ahlberg, P. E. (2016). The stem osteichthyan Andreolepis and the origin of tooth replacement. Nature, 539(7628), 237.

Cheng, Y. M., & Yang, X. N. (2018). A new tree fern stem, Heilongjiangcaulis keshanensis gen. et sp. nov., from the Cretaceous of the Songliao Basin, Northeast China: a representative of early Cyatheaceae. Historical Biology, 30(4), 518-530.

Chester, S. G., Bloch, J. I., Boyer, D. M., & Clemens, W. A. (2015). Oldest known euarchontan tarsals and affinities of Paleocene Purgatorius to Primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(5), 1487-1492.​

​Choo, T. Y., & Escapa, I. H. (2018). Assessing the evolutionary history of the fern family Dipteridaceae (Gleicheniales) by incorporating both extant and extinct members in a combined phylogenetic study. American journal of botany, 105(8), 1315-1328.

Choo, B., Zhu, M., Qu, Q., Yu, X., Jia, L., & Zhao, W. (2017). A new osteichthyan from the late Silurian of Yunnan, China. PloS one, 12(3), e0170929.

Clack, J. A. (1993). Silvanerpeton miripedes, a new anthracosauroid from the Viséan of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 84(3-4), 369-376.

Clack, J. A. (2009). The fish–tetrapod transition: new fossils and interpretations.   Evolution: Education and Outreach, 2(2), 213.

Clack, J. A., Bennett, C. E., Carpenter, D. K., Davies, S. J., Fraser, N. C., Kearsey, T. I., ... & Ross, A. J. (2017). Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna.   Nature ecology & evolution, 1 (1), 0002.

Clark, J. W., Puttick, M. N., & Donoghue, P. C. (2019). Origin of horsetails and the role of whole-genome duplication in plant macroevolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286(1914), 20191662.

Clarke, J. A., Tambussi, C. P., Noriega, J. I., Erickson, G. M., & Ketcham, R. A. (2005). Definitive fossil evidence for the extant avian radiation in the Cretaceous. Nature, 433(7023), 305.​

Clarke, J. T., Warnock, R. C., & Donoghue, P. C. (2011). Establishing a time‐scale for plant evolution. New Phytologist, 192(1), 266-301.

Clement, A. M., King, B., Giles, S., Choo, B., Ahlberg, P. E., Young, G. C., & Long, J. A. (2018). Neurocranial anatomy of an enigmatic Early Devonian fish sheds light on early osteichthyan evolution. Elife, 7, e34349.​

Coates, M. I., & Gess, R. W. (2007). A new reconstruction of Onychoselache traquairi, comments on early chondrichthyan pectoral girdles and hybodontiform phylogeny. Palaeontology, 50(6), 1421-1446.

Coates, M. I., Gess, R. W., Finarelli, J. A., Criswell, K. E., & Tietjen, K. (2017). A symmoriiform chondrichthyan braincase and the origin of chimaeroid fishes. Nature, 541(7636), 208.

Coates, M. I., Finarelli, J. A., Sansom, I. J., Andreev, P. S., Criswell, K. E., Tietjen, K., ... & La Riviere, P. J. (2018). An early chondrichthyan and the evolutionary assembly of a shark body plan. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285(1870), 20172418.

Coiro, M., Doyle, J. A., & Hilton, J. (2019). How deep is the conflict between molecular and fossil evidence on the age of angiosperms?. New Phytologist, 223(1), 83-99.

​Colbert, E. H. (1970). The Triassic gliding reptile Icarosaurus. Bulletin of the AMNH; v. 143, article 2.

Cooper, E. D., Henwood, M. J., & Brown, E. A. (2012). Are the liverworts really that old? Cretaceous origins and Cenozoic diversifications in Lepidoziaceae reflect a recurrent theme in liverwort evolution. Biological journal of the Linnean society, 107(2), 425-441.

Crawford, N. G., Faircloth, B. C., McCormack, J. E., Brumfield, R. T., Winker, K., & Glenn, T. C. (2012). More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs. Biology letters, 8(5), 783-786.

Crockford, P. W., Hodgskiss, M., Wörndle, S., Creaser, R. A., Rainbird, R. H., & Skulski, T. M. (2018). Precise age of Bangiomorpha pubescens dates the origin of eukaryotic photosynthesis. Characterizing eukaryotic evolutionary environments across the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic boundary, 60.

Cui, X., Qiao, T., & Zhu, M. (2019). Scale morphology and squamation pattern of Guiyu oneiros provide new insights into early osteichthyan body plan. Nature Scientific reports, 9(1), 4411.

Czier, Z. (2016). European Paleofloristic Affinities of the Romanian Jurassic Macroflora. Folia naturae Bihariae Oradea, 13, 66.

Dalla Vecchia, F. M. (1995). A new pterosaur (Reptilia, Pterosauria) from the Norian (Late Triassic) of Friuli (Northeastern Italy). Preliminary note. Gortania, 16(1994), 59-66.

de Sousa, F., Foster, P. G., Donoghue, P. C., Schneider, H., & Cox, C. J. (2019). Nuclear protein phylogenies support the monophyly of the three bryophyte groups (Bryophyta Schimp.). New Phytologist, 222(1), 565-575.

​de Vries, J., & Archibald, J. M. (2018). Plant evolution: landmarks on the path to terrestrial life. New Phytologist, 217(4), 1428-1434.

Didier, D. A. (2004). Phylogeny and classification of extant Holocephali. Biology of sharks and their relatives, 4, 115-138.

​DiMichele, W. A., Elrick, S. D., & Bateman, R. M. (2013). Growth habit of the late Paleozoic rhizomorphic tree‐lycopsid family Diaphorodendraceae: Phylogenetic, evolutionary, and paleoecological significance. American Journal of Botany, 100(8), 1604-1625.

​Dineley, D. & Metcalf, S. (1999). Fossil Fishes of Great Britain, Geological Conservation Review Series, No. 16, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, 675 pp.

Donoghue, P. (2019). Evolution: the flowering of land plant evolution. Current Biology, 29(15), R753-R756.

Donoghue, P. C., & Keating, J. N. (2014). Early vertebrate evolution. Palaeontology, 57(5), 879-893.

Donoghue, P. C., & Smith, M. P. (2001). The anatomy of Turinia pagei (Powrie), and the phylogenetic status of the Thelodonti.   Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 92(1), 15-37.

Donoghue, P. C., Forey, P. L., & Aldridge, R. J. (2000). Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny. Biological Reviews, 75​(2), 191-251.

Drinnan, A. N., Crane, P. R., Friis, E. M., & Pedersen, K. R. (1991). Angiosperm flowers and tricolpate pollen of buxaceous affinity from the Potomac Group (mid‐Cretaceous) of eastern North America. American Journal of Botany, 78(2), 153-176.

Dupret, V., Zhu, M., & Wang, J. Q. (2017). Redescription of Szelepis Liu, 1981 (Placodermi, Arthrodira), from the Lower Devonian of China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37(2), e1312422.

Dutheil, D. B. (1999). The first articulated fossil cladistian: Serenoichthys kemkemensis, gen. et sp. nov., from the Cretaceous of Morocco.Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19​ (2), 243-246.

Edwards, D., & Kenrick, P. (2015). The early evolution of land plants, from fossils to genomics: a commentary on Lang (1937)‘On the plant-remains from the Downtonian of England and Wales'. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1666), 20140343.​

​Edwards, D., Morris, J. L., Richardson, J. B., & Kenrick, P. (2014). Cryptospores and cryptophytes reveal hidden diversity in early land floras. New Phytologist, 202(1), 50-78.

Eldridge, M. D., Beck, R. M., Croft, D. A., Travouillon, K. J., & Fox, B. J. (2019). An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria). Journal of Mammalogy, 100(3), 802-837.​

Elgorriaga, A., Escapa, I. H., Rothwell, G. W., Tomescu, A. M., & Rubén Cúneo, N. (2018). Origin of Equisetum: Evolution of horsetails (Equisetales) within the major euphyllophyte clade Sphenopsida. American Journal of Botany, 105(8), 1286-1303.

Eltink, E., Da-Rosa, Á. A. S., & Dias-da-Silva, S. (2017). A capitosauroid from the Lower Triassic of South America (Sanga do Cabral Supersequence: Paraná Basin), its phylogenetic relationships and biostratigraphic implications. Historical Biology, 29(7), 863-874.​

Elzanowski, A., & Stidham, T. A. (2011). A galloanserine quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming. The Auk, 128(1), 138-145.​

Esselstyn, J. A., Oliveros, C. H., Swanson, M. T., & Faircloth, B. C. (2017). Investigating difficult nodes in the placental mammal tree with expanded taxon sampling and thousands of ultraconserved elements. Genome biology and evolution, 9(9), 2308-2321.​

Evans, S. E. (2014). Lepidosauria. In   AccessScience . McGraw-Hill Education. https://doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.377800.

​Evans, S. E. (2015). Rhynchocephalia. In AccessScience. McGraw-Hill Education. https://doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.588200

​Evans S.E. (2016) The Lepidosaurian Ear: Variations on a Theme. In: Clack J., Fay R., Popper A. (eds) Evolution of the Vertebrate Ear. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 59. Springer, Cham.

Evans, S. E., & Jones, M. E. (2010). The origin, early history and diversification of lepidosauromorph reptiles. In    New aspects of Mesozoic biodiversity   (pp. 27-44). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Evans, S. E., Milner, A. R., & Mussett, F. (1990). A discoglossid frog from the Middle Jurassic of England. Palaeontology, 33(2), 299-311.​

Evans, S. E., Prasad, G. V. R., & Manhas, B. K. (2002). Fossil lizards from the Jurassic Kota formation of India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(2), 299-312.

Evans, S. E., Lally, C., Chure, D. C., Elder, A., & Maisano, J. A. (2005). A Late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Morrison Formation of North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143(4), 599-616.
​
Ezcurra, M. D., Scheyer, T. M., & Butler, R. J. (2014). The origin and early evolution of Sauria: reassessing the Permian saurian fossil record and the timing of the crocodile-lizard divergence. PLoS One, 9(2), e89165.​

​Faegri, K. (1963). Organ and form genera: significance and nomenclatural treatment. Taxon, 12 (1), 20-28.

Finarelli, J. A., & Coates, M. I. (2014). Chondrenchelys problematica (Traquair, 1888) redescribed: a Lower Carboniferous, eel-like holocephalan from Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 105(1), 35-59.

​Flynn, J. J., Parrish, J. M., Rakotosamimanana, B., Simpson, W. F., & Wyss, A. R. (1999). A middle Jurassic mammal from Madagascar. Nature, 401(6748), 57.

Foster, C. S., & Ho, S. Y. (2017). Strategies for partitioning clock models in phylogenomic dating: Application to the angiosperm evolutionary timescale. Genome biology and evolution, 9(10), 2752-2763.

Foster, C. S., Sauquet, H., Van der Merwe, M., McPherson, H., Rossetto, M., & Ho, S. Y. (2017). Evaluating the impact of genomic data and priors on Bayesian estimates of the angiosperm evolutionary timescale. Systematic Biology, 66(3), 338-351.

Fraser, N. C., & Benton, M. J. (1989). The Triassic reptiles Brachyrhinodon and Polysphenodon and the relationships of the sphenodontids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 96(4), 413-445.

Frey, L., Coates, M., Ginter, M., Hairapetian, V., Rücklin, M., Jerjen, I., & Klug, C. (2019a). The early elasmobranch Phoebodus: phylogenetic relationships, ecomorphology and a new time-scale for shark evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286(1912), 20191336.

Frey, L., Coates, M., Rücklin, M., & Klug, C. (2019b). Functional morphology of mandibular arches in symmoriids as exemplified by Ferromirum oukherbouchi gen. et sp. nov.(Late Devonian). A New Fossil-Lagerstätte from the Late Devonian of Morocco: Faunal Composition, Taphonomy and Palaeoecology, 135.

​Friedman, M. (2015). The early evolution of ray‐finned fishes. Palaeontology, 58(2), 213-228.

​Friedman, M., & Brazeau, M. D. (2010). A reappraisal of the origin and basal radiation of the Osteichthyes. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(1), 36-56.

Friedman, W. E. (2009). The meaning of Darwin's “abominable mystery”. American Journal of Botany, 96(1), 5-21.

​Fröbisch, N. B., Olori, J. C., Schoch, R. R., & Witzmann, F. (2010, June). Amphibian development in the fossil record. In Seminars in cell & developmental biology (Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 424-431). Academic Press.

Gabaldón, T., & Pittis, A. A. (2015). Origin and evolution of metabolic sub-cellular compartmentalization in eukaryotes. Biochimie, 119, 262-268.

​Gagnier, P. Y., Blieck, A. R., & Rodrigos, G. (1986). First Ordovician vertebrate from South America. Geobios, 19(5), 629-634.​

Gai, Z., Lu, L., Zhao, W., & Zhu, M. (2018). New polybranchiaspiform fishes (Agnatha: Galeaspida) from the Middle Palaeozoic of China and their ecomorphological implications. PloS one, 13(9), e0202217.

Galtier, J. (1997). Coal-ball floras of the Namurian-Westphalian of Europe. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 95(1-4), 51-72.

​Galtier, J., & Phillips, T. L. (2014). Evolutionary and ecological perspectives of Late Paleozoic ferns. Part III. Anachoropterid ferns (including Anachoropteris, Tubicaulis, the Sermayaceae, Kaplanopteridaceae and Psalixochlaenaceae). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 205, 31-73.

Gao, Z., & Thomas, B. A. (1989). A review of fossil cycad megasporophylls, with new evidence of Crossozamia Pomel and its associated leaves from the Lower Permian of Taiyuan, China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 60(3-4), 205-223.

Gensel, P. G., & Albright, V. M. (2006). Leclercqia complexa from the Early Devonian (Emsian) of northern New Brunswick, Canada. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 142(3-4), 103-121.

Gerrienne, P., Cascales-Minana, B., Prestianni, C., Steemans, P., & Cheng-Sen, L. (2018). Lilingostrobus chaloneri gen. et sp. nov., a Late Devonian woody lycopsid from Hunan, China. PloS one, 13(7), e0198287.

​Gess, R. W., Coates, M. I., & Rubidge, B. S. (2006). A lamprey from the Devonian period of South Africa. Nature, 443(7114), 981.

​Giles, S., Darras, L., Clément, G., Blieck, A., & Friedman, M. (2015). An exceptionally preserved Late Devonian actinopterygian provides a new model for primitive cranial anatomy in ray-finned fishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1816), 20151485.

​Giles, S., Xu, G. H., Near, T. J., & Friedman, M. (2017). Early members of ‘living fossil’lineage imply later origin of modern ray-finned fishes. Nature, 549(7671), 265.

Ginter, M., Liao, J. C., & Valezuela-RÍios, J. I. (2008). New data on chondrichthyan microremains from the Givetian of the Renanué section in the Aragonian Pyrenees (Spain). Acta Geologica Polonica, 58(2), 165-172.

​Godthelp, H., Wroe, S., & Archer, M. (1999). A new marsupial from the early Eocene Tingamarra Local Fauna of Murgon, southeastern Queensland: a prototypical Australian marsupial?. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 6(3), 289-313.

Gross, W. 1937. Das Kopfskelett von Cladodus wildungensis Jaekel. 1. Teil. Endocranium und Palatoquadratum. Senckenbergiana 19: 80–107.

Guo, C. Q., Edwards, D., Wu, P. C., Duckett, J. G., Hueber, F. M., & Li, C. S. (2012). Riccardiothallus devonicus gen. et sp. nov., the earliest simple thalloid liverwort from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China. Review of palaeobotany and palynology, 176, 35-40.

Halliday, T. J. D. (2015). The enigmatic evolutionary relationships of Palaeocene mammals and their relevance for the Tertiary radiation of placental mammals (Doctoral dissertation, UCL (University College London)).​

Halliday, T. J., dos Reis, M., Tamuri, A. U., Ferguson-Gow, H., Yang, Z., & Goswami, A. (2019). Rapid morphological evolution in placental mammals post-dates the origin of the crown group. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286(1898), 20182418.​

Han, T. M., & Runnegar, B. (1992). Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science, 257(5067), 232-235.

Hao, S.G. (1988). A new Lower Devonian genus from Yunnan, with notes on the origin of the leaf. Acta Botanica Sinica 30: 441–448 (In Chinese with English abstract).

Hao, S., & Xue, J. (2013). Earliest record of megaphylls and leafy structures, and their initial diversification. Chinese Science Bulletin, 58(23), 2784-2793.

Hao, S. G., Wang, D. M., & Wang, Q. (2004). A new species of Estinnophyton from the Lower Devonian Posongchong Formation, Yunnan, China; its phylogenetic and palaeophytogeographical significance. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 146(2), 201-216.

Hao, S., Xue, J., Wang, Q., & Liu, Z. (2007). Yuguangia ordinata gen. et sp. nov., a new lycopsid from the Middle Devonian (late Givetian) of Yunnan, China, and its phylogenetic implications. International journal of plant sciences, 168(8), 1161-1175.

Harper, T., & Rougier, G. (2018). Petrosal morphology and cochlear function in Mesozoic stem therians.   bioRxiv , 490367.

Harrison, C. J., & Morris, J. L. (2018). The origin and early evolution of vascular plant shoots and leaves. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1739), 20160496.

Hedges, S. B., & Kumar, S. (Eds.). (2009). The timetree of life. OUP Oxford.​

Hennequin, S., Schuettpelz, E., Pryer, K. M., Ebihara, A., & Dubuisson, J. Y. (2008). Divergence times and the evolution of epiphytism in filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae) revisited. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 169(9), 1278-1287.

Herman, A. B., & Domogatskaya, K. V. (2020). The Late Cretaceous flora of the New Siberia Island (Arctic Russia): E. von Toll's and JT Schmalhausen's palaeobotanical heritage revisited. Cretaceous Research, 108, 104346.

Hermsen, E. J., & Hendricks, J. R. (2008). W (h) ither fossils? Studying morphological character evolution in the age of molecular sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 95(1), 72-100.

Hernick, L. V., Landing, E., & Bartowski, K. E. (2008). Earth's oldest liverworts--Metzgeriothallus sharonae sp. nov. from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) of eastern New York, USA. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 148(2-4), 154-162.

Herrera, F., Moran, R. C., Shi, G., Ichinnorov, N., Takahashi, M., Crane, P. R., & Herendeen, P. S. (2017). An exquisitely preserved filmy fern (Hymenophyllaceae) from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. American journal of botany, 104(9), 1370-1381.

Herrera, F., Shi, G., Ichinnorov, N., Takahashi, M., Bugdaeva, E. V., Herendeen, P. S., & Crane, P. R. (2017). The presumed ginkgophyte Umaltolepis has seed-bearing structures resembling those of Peltaspermales and Umkomasiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(12), E2385-E2391.

Herrera, F., Shi, G., Mays, C., Ichinnorov, N., Takahashi, M., Bevitt, J. J., ... & Crane, P. R. (2020). Reconstructing Krassilovia mongolica supports recognition of a new and unusual group of Mesozoic conifers. Plos one, 15(1), e0226779.

Herrera-Flores, J. A., Stubbs, T. L., Elsler, A., & Benton, M. J. (2018). Taxonomic reassessment of Clevosaurus latidens Fraser, 1993 (Lepidosauria, Rhynchocephalia) and rhynchocephalian phylogeny based on parsimony and Bayesian inference. Journal of Paleontology, 1-9.

Hertweck, K. L., Kinney, M. S., Stuart, S. A., Maurin, O., Mathews, S., Chase, M. W., ... & Pires, J. C. (2015). Phylogenetics, divergence times and diversification from three genomic partitions in monocots. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 178(3), 375-393.

​Hillis, D. M. (1987). Molecular versus morphological approaches to systematics. Annual review of Ecology and Systematics, 18(1), 23-42.

Hilton, J., & Bateman, R. M. (2006). Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed-plant phylogeny. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 133(1), 119-168.

Hochuli, P. A., & Feist-Burkhardt, S. (2013). Angiosperm-like pollen and Afropollis from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of the Germanic Basin (northern Switzerland). Frontiers in plant science, 4, 344.

Holliday, C. M., & Nesbitt, S. J. (2013). Morphology and diversity of the mandibular symphysis of archosauriforms. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, SP379-2.​

Holmes, W.B., & Anderson, H.M.  (2013). A synthesis of the rich Gondwana Triassic megafossil flora from Nymboida, Australia. In Tanner, L.H., Spielmann, J.A. and Lucas, S.G., eds., 2013, The Triassic System. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 61, 296.

​Horovitz, I., Ladevèze, S., Argot, C., Macrini, T. E., Martin, T., Hooker, J. J., ... & Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. (2008). The anatomy of Herpetotherium cf fugax Cope, 1873, a metatherian from the Oligocene of North America.   Palaeontographica Abteilung A, 109-141.

Houde, P. W. (1988). Paleognathous birds from the early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere (No. 22). Nuttall Ornithological Club.​

Hübers, M., & Kerp, H. (2012). Oldest known mosses discovered in Mississippian (late Visean) strata of Germany. Geology, 40(8), 755-758.

Hsiou, A. S., De França, M. A. G., & Ferigolo, J. (2015). New data on the Clevosaurus (Sphenodontia: Clevosauridae) from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. PloS one, 10(9), e0137523.

Huttenlocker, A. K., & Farmer, C. G. (2017). Bone microvasculature tracks red blood cell size diminution in Triassic mammal and dinosaur forerunners. Current Biology, 27(1), 48-54.

Ignatov, M. S., & Shcherbakov, D. E. (2009). A new fossil moss from the Lower Permian of the Russian Far East. Arctoa, 18, 201-212.

Janssens, S. B., Couvreur, T. L., Mertens, A., Dauby, G., Dagallier, L. P. M., Abeele, S. V., ... & Droissart, V. (2020). A large-scale species level dated angiosperm phylogeny for evolutionary and ecological analyses. Biodiversity data journal, 8.

Janvier, P. (1984). The relationships of the Osteostraci and Galeaspida.   Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4(3), 344-358.

​Janvier, P. (1987). The paired fins of anaspids: one more hypothesis about their function.  Journal of Paleontology, 61​(4), 850-853.

Janvier, P., & Pradel, A. (2015). Elasmobranchs and their extinct relatives: diversity, relationships, and adaptations through time. In Fish Physiology (Vol. 34, pp. 1-17). Academic Press.

​Janvier, P., Desbiens, S., Willett, J. A., & Arsenault, M. (2006). Lamprey-like gills in a gnathostome-related Devonian jawless vertebrate. Nature, 440(7088), 1183-1185.

Jennings, J. R. (1979). Distribution of fossil plant taxa in the Upper Mississippian and Lower Pennsylvanian of the Illinois Basin. Neuvième Congrès International de Stratigraphie et de Geologie du Carbonifère: Compte Rendue, 2, 301-312.

​Jeffery, J. E. (2012). Cranial morphology of the Carboniferous rhizodontid Screbinodus ornatus (Osteichthyes: Sarcopterygii). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 10(3), 475-519.

Ji, Q., Ji, S., Lü, J.C., You, H.L., and Yuan, C.X.(2005). First avialan bird from China (Jinfengopteryx elegans gen. et sp. nov.). Geological Bulletin of China 24: 197–205.

Johnston, M. N., Eble, C. F., O'Keefe, J. M., Freeman, R. L., & Hower, J. C. (2017). Petrology and palynology of the Middle Pennsylvanian Leatherwood coal bed, Eastern Kentucky: Indications for depositional environments. International Journal of Coal Geology, 181, 23-38.

Jouve, S., Sarıgül, V., Steyer, J. S., & Sen, S. (2019). The first crocodylomorph from the Mesozoic of Turkey (Barremian of Zonguldak) and the dispersal of the eusuchians during the Cretaceous. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 17(2), 111-128.​

Joyce, W. G. (2015). The origin of turtles: a paleontological perspective. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 324(3), 181-193.

Joyce, W. G., Parham, J. F., & Gauthier, J. A. (2004). Developing a protocol for the conversion of rank-based taxon names to phylogenetically defined clade names, as exemplified by turtles. Journal of Paleontology, 78(5), 989-1013.

Joyce, W. G., Rabi, M., Clark, J. M., & Xu, X. (2016). A toothed turtle from the Late Jurassic of China and the global biogeographic history of turtles. BMC evolutionary biology, 16(1), 236.

Kealy, S., & Beck, R. (2017). Total evidence phylogeny and evolutionary timescale for Australian faunivorous marsupials (Dasyuromorphia). BMC evolutionary biology, 17(1), 240.​

Keating, J. N., & Donoghue, P. C. (2016). Histology and affinity of anaspids, and the early evolution of the vertebrate dermal skeleton. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283(1826), 20152917.

Keating, J. N., Marquart, C. L., & Donoghue, P. C. (2015). Histology of the heterostracan dermal skeleton: insight into the origin of the vertebrate mineralised skeleton. Journal of morphology, 276(6), 657-680.

​Keating, J. N., Marquart, C. L., Marone, F., & Donoghue, P. C. (2018). The nature of aspidin and the evolutionary origin of bone. Nature ecology & evolution, 2(9), 1501.

Kemp, T. S. (2007). The origin of higher taxa: macroevolutionary processes, and the case of the mammals.  Acta Zoologica, 88​ (1), 3-22.

Kemp, A., Cavin, L., & Guinot, G. (2017). Evolutionary history of lungfishes with a new phylogeny of post-Devonian genera. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 471, 209-219.​

Kenrick, P. (2000). The relationships of vascular plants. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 355(1398), 847-855.

Kim, J. H., Nam, K. S., Lee, S. B., & Jeon, Y. S. (2016). Fossil Plants from the Early Cretaceous Hasandong Formation of Chilgok Area, Korea. 한국지구과학회지, 37(5), 295-308.

King, B. (2019). Which morphological characters are influential in a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis? Examples from the earliest osteichthyans. Biology letters, 15(7), 20190288.​

Klavins, S. D., Taylor, T. N., & Taylor, E. L. (2004). Matoniaceous ferns (Gleicheniales) from the middle Triassic of Antarctica. Journal of Paleontology, 78(1), 211-217.

Knoll, A. H. (2014). Paleobiological perspectives on early eukaryotic evolution. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 6(1), a016121.

Korall, P., & Pryer, K. M. (2014). Global biogeography of scaly tree ferns (Cyatheaceae): evidence for Gondwanan vicariance and limited transoceanic dispersal. Journal of biogeography, 41(2), 402-413.

Kovalchuk, O. M., & Hilton, E. J. (2017). Neogene and Pleistocene sturgeon (Acipenseriformes, Acipenseridae) remains from southeastern Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37(5), e1362644.​

​Kraft, P., & Kvaček, Z. (2017). Where the lycophytes come from?–A piece of the story from the Silurian of peri-Gondwana. Gondwana Research, 45, 180-190.

Kvaček, J. (2017). Late Cretaceous Floras in Central Europe and their palaeoenvironment. Thesis, Charles University, Prague.

​ Labandeira, C. C., Kustatscher, E., & Wappler, T. (2016). Floral assemblages and patterns of insect herbivory during the Permian to Triassic of Northeastern Italy. PLoS One, 11(11), e0165205.

Laenen, B., Shaw, B., Schneider, H., Goffinet, B., Paradis, E., Désamoré, A., ... & Long, D. G. (2014). Extant diversity of bryophytes emerged from successive post-Mesozoic diversification bursts. Nature Communications, 5(1), 1-6.

Lahr, D. J., Kosakyan, A., Lara, E., Mitchell, E. A., Morais, L., Porfirio-Sousa, A. L., ... & Brown, M. W. (2019). Phylogenomics and morphological reconstruction of Arcellinida testate amoebae highlight diversity of microbial eukaryotes in the Neoproterozoic. Current Biology, 29(6), 991-1001.

Latimer, A. E., & Giles, S. (2018). A giant dapediid from the Late Triassic of Switzerland and insights into neopterygian phylogeny. Royal Society open science, 5(8), 180497.

Laurin, M., & Reisz, R. R. (1997). A new perspective on tetrapod phylogeny. Amniote origins: completing the transition to land, in
Sumida S.S., and Martin, K.L., eds., Amniote Origins: New York, Academic Press, p. 9–59.

Lautenschlager, S., Gill, P., Luo, Z. X., Fagan, M. J., & Rayfield, E. J. (2017). Morphological evolution of the mammalian jaw adductor complex. Biological Reviews, 92(4), 1910-1940.

Leebens-Mack, J.H., Barker, M.S., Carpenter, E.J. et al. (2019). One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants. Nature 574, 679–685. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1693-2

Li, C., & Yang, Q. (2013). Notes on the divergence time of the fern genus Asplenium from fossil and molecular evidence. Cretaceous Research, 45, 352-355.

Li, C., Miao, X., Zhang, L. B., Ma, J., & Hao, J. (2020). Re-evaluation of the systematic position of the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous fern genus Coniopteris. Cretaceous Research, 105, 104136.

Li, P., & Johnston, M. O. (2000). Heterochrony in plant evolutionary studies through the twentieth century. The Botanical Review, 66(1), 57-88.

Libertín, M., Kvaček, J., Bek, J., & Štorch, P. (2018a). Plant diversity of the mid Silurian (Lower Wenlock, Sheinwoodian) terrestrial vegetation preserved in marine sediments from the Barrandian area, the Czech Republic. Fossil Imprint, 74(3-4), 327-333.

Libertín, M., Kvaček, J., Bek, J., Žárský, V., & Štorch, P. (2018b). Sporophytes of polysporangiate land plants from the early Silurian period may have been photosynthetically autonomous. Nature plants, 4(5), 269-271.

Liu, L., Wang, D. M., Xue, J. Z., Meng, M. C., & Guo, Y. (2013). Reinvestigation of the lycopsid Minarodendron cathaysiense from the Middle Devonian of South China. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen, 268(3), 325-339.

​Liu, Y., Johnson, M. G., Cox, C. J., Medina, R., Devos, N., Vanderpoorten, A., ... & Quandt, D. (2019). Resolution of the ordinal phylogeny of mosses using targeted exons from organellar and nuclear genomes. Nature Communications, 10(1), 1-11.

Long, J. A., Clement, A. M., & Choo, B. (2018). New insights into the origins and radiation of the mid-Palaeozoic Gondwanan stem tetrapods. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1-17.​

​Longrich, N. R. (2017). A stem lepidosireniform lungfish (Sarcopterygia: Dipnoi) from the Upper Eocene of Libya, North Africa and implications for Cenozoic lungfish evolution. Gondwana Research, 42, 140-150.

López-Arbarello, A., & Sferco, E. (2018). Neopterygian phylogeny: the merger assay. Royal Society open science, 5(3), 172337.

Lopez-Arbarello, A., Sun, Z. Y., Sferco, E., Tintori, A., Xu, G. H., Sun, Y. L., ... & Jiang, D. Y. (2011). New species of Sangiorgioichthys Tintori and Lombardo, 2007 (Neopterygii, Semionotiformes) from the Anisian of Luoping (Yunnan Province, South China). Zootaxa, 2749(1), 25-39.​

Louchart, A., & Viriot, L. (2011). From snout to beak: the loss of teeth in birds.    Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 26(12), 663-673.

Lu, J., & Zhu, M. (2009). An onychodont fish (Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygii) from the Early Devonian of China, and the evolution of the Onychodontiformes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277(1679), 293-299.​

Lu, J., Zhu, M., Long, J. A., Zhao, W., Senden, T. J., Jia, L., & Qiao, T. (2012). The earliest known stem-tetrapod from the Lower Devonian of China. Nature Communications, 3, 1160.

Lu, J., Zhu, M., Ahlberg, P. E., Qiao, T., Zhu, Y. A., Zhao, W., & Jia, L. (2016a). A Devonian predatory fish provides insights into the early evolution of modern sarcopterygians. Science advances, 2(6), e1600154.

Lu, J., Giles, S., Friedman, M., den Blaauwen, J. L., & Zhu, M. (2016b). The oldest actinopterygian highlights the cryptic early history of the hyperdiverse ray-finned fishes. Current Biology, 26(12), 1602-1608.

Lu, J., Giles, S., Friedman, M., & Zhu, M. (2017). A new stem sarcopterygian illuminates patterns of character evolution in early bony fishes. Nature communications, 8(1), 1932.​

Lu, L. (1994). A new paddlefish from the Upper Jurassic of northeast China. Vertebrata Pal Asiatica, 32(2), 134-142.​

Lundblad, A.B. (1950). Studies in the Rhaeto-Liassic Floras of Sweden I (Pteridophyta, Pteridospermae, and Cycadophyta from the mining district of NW Scania). Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 1(8):1-82

Luo, Z. X. (2007). Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution.   Nature, 450   (7172), 1011.

Luo, Z. X. (2015). Origin of the mammalian shoulder.   Great Transformations: Major Events in the History of Vertebrate Life. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois , 167-187.

​Luo, Z. X., Ji, Q., Wible, J. R., & Yuan, C. X. (2003). An Early Cretaceous tribosphenic mammal and metatherian evolution. Science, 302(5652), 1934-1940.

​Luo, Z. X., Yuan, C. X., Meng, Q. J., & Ji, Q. (2011). A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals. Nature, 476(7361), 442.

MacIver, M. A., Schmitz, L., Mugan, U., Murphey, T. D., & Mobley, C. D. (2017). Massive increase in visual range preceded the origin of terrestrial vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(12), E2375-E2384.

​Macrini, T. E., Rowe, T., & Archer, M. (2006). Description of a cranial endocast from a fossil platypus, Obdurodon dicksoni (Monotremata, Ornithorhynchidae), and the relevance of endocranial characters to monotreme monophyly. Journal of Morphology, 267(8), 1000-1015.

​Maisey, J. G. (2013). The diversity of tessellated calcification in modern and extinct chondrichthyans. Revue de Paléobiologie, 32(2), 355-371.

Manchester, S. R., Dilcher, D. L., Judd, W. S., Corder, B., & Basinger, J. F. (2018). Early Eudicot flower and fruit: Dakotanthus gen. nov. from the Cretaceous Dakota Formation of Kansas and Nebraska, USA. Acta Palaeobotanica, 58(1), 27-40.

Marjanović, D., & Laurin, M. (2013). The origin (s) of extant amphibians: a review with emphasis on the “lepospondyl hypothesis”. Geodiversitas, 35(1), 207-272.

Marjanović, D., & Laurin, M. (2019). Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix,   PeerJ, 6, e5565.

Martínez, R. N., Apaldetti, C., Colombi, C. E., Praderio, A., Fernandez, E., Malnis, P. S., ... & Alcober, O. (2013). A new sphenodontian (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the Late Triassic of Argentina and the early origin of the herbivore opisthodontians. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 280(1772), 20132057.​

Martínez, L. C. A., & Artabe, A. E. E. (2017). Cícadas, fósiles vivientes del reino vegetal. Ciencia Hoy, Volumen 26 número 154 , p. 37-42.
​
Matsumoto, R., & Evans, S. E. (2017).   The palatal dentition of tetrapods and its functional significance.   J Anat. 2017 Jan;230(1):47-65. doi: 10.1111/joa.12534. Epub 2016 Aug 19​.

Matsumoto, R., & Evans, S. E. (2018). The first record of albanerpetontid amphibians (Amphibia: Albanerpetontidae) from East Asia. PloS one, 13(1), e0189767.

Matten, L. C. (1974). The Givetian flora from Cairo, New York: Rhacophyton, Triloboxylon and Cladoxylon. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 68(4), 303-318.

​Mayr, G., & Scofield, R. P. (2014). First diagnosable non-sphenisciform bird from the early Paleocene of New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 44(1), 48-56.

McCoy, V. E., Saupe, E. E., Lamsdell, J. C., Tarhan, L. G., McMahon, S., Lidgard, S., ... & Vogt, S. (2016). The ‘Tully monster’is a vertebrate. Nature, 532(7600), 496-499.​

McIver, E. E., & Basinger, J. F. (1989). The morphology and relationships of Equisetum fluviatoides sp. nov. from the Paleocene Ravenscrag Formation of Saskatchewan, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany, 67(10), 2937-2943.

Meloro, C., & Jones, M. E. H. (2012). Tooth and cranial disparity in the fossil relatives of Sphenodon (Rhynchocephalia) dispute the persistent ‘living fossil’label. Journal of evolutionary biology , 25(11), 2194-2209.

Meyer-Berthaud, B., & Gerrienne, P. (2001). Aarabia, a new Early Devonian vascular plant from Africa (Morocco). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 116(1-2), 39-53.

​Miao, Y., Liu, Z. J., Wang, M., & Wang, X. (2017). Fossil and living cycads say ‘‘No more megasporophylls’’. Journal of Morphology and Anatomy, 1, 107.

Miller, J. F. (1980). Taxonomic revisions of some Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician conodonts with comments on their evolution. Paleontological Contributions, University of Kansas, Paper 99.​

Milner, A. R., & Sequeira, S. E. K. (1993). The temnospondyl amphibians from the Viséan of east Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 84(3-4), 331-361.

Miyashita, T., Coates, M. I., Farrar, R., Larson, P., Manning, P. L., Wogelius, R. A., ... & Currie, P. J. (2019). Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea and a reconciliation of the morphological–molecular conflict in early vertebrate phylogeny. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(6), 2146-2151.​

Moazen, M., Curtis, N., O'Higgins, P., Evans, S. E., & Fagan, M. J. (2009). Biomechanical assessment of evolutionary changes in the lepidosaurian skull. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(20), 8273-8277.​

MondéJar-Fernández, J. (2018). On cosmine: its origins, biology and implications for sarcopterygian interrelationships. CYBIUM, 42(1), 41-65.​

Morris, J. L., Puttick, M. N., Clark, J. W., Edwards, D., Kenrick, P., Pressel, S., ... & Donoghue, P. C. (2018). The timescale of early land plant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(10), E2274-E2283.​

Morris, S. C. (2000). The Cambrian “explosion”: slow-fuse or megatonnage?. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(9), 4426-4429.​

​Morris, S. C., & Caron, J. B. (2014). A primitive fish from the Cambrian of North America. Nature, 512(7515), 419.

Murphy, W. J., & Eizirik, E. (2009). Placental mammals (Eutheria).   The Timetree of Life. Oxford University Press, Oxford , 471-474.

Murphy, W. J., Pringle, T. H., Crider, T. A., Springer, M. S., & Miller, W. (2007). Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny. Genome research, 17(4), 413-421.​

Naugolnykh, S. V. (2016). Palaeobotrychium gen. nov., the first discovery of an ophioglossalean fern from the Middle Carboniferous deposits of Russia. WULFENIA, 23, 147-161.

Nesbitt, S. J., Butler, R. J., Ezcurra, M. D., Charig, A. J., & Barrett, P. M. (2017a). The anatomy of Teleocrater rhadinus, an early avemetatarsalian from the lower portion of the Lifua Member of the Manda Beds (Middle Triassic). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37(sup1), 142-177.

Nesbitt, S. J., Butler, R. J., Ezcurra, M. D., Barrett, P. M., Stocker, M. R., Angielczyk, K. D., ... & Charig, A. J. (2017b). The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan. Nature, 544(7651), 484.

Niklas, K. J., & Crepet, W. L. (2020). Morphological (and not anatomical or reproductive) features define early vascular plant phylogenetic relationships. American Journal of Botany.

​Nishiyama, T., Wolf, P. G., Kugita, M., Sinclair, R. B., Sugita, M., Sugiura, C., ... & Ueda, K. (2004). Chloroplast phylogeny indicates that bryophytes are monophyletic. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 21(10), 1813-1819.

Norell, M., Clark, J. M., & Hutchison, J. H. (1994). The Late Cretaceous alligatoroid Brachychampsa montana (Crocodylia): new material and putative relationships. American Museum novitates; no. 3116.

O'Leary, M. A., Bloch, J. I., Flynn, J. J., Gaudin, T. J., Giallombardo, A., Giannini, N. P., ... & Ni, X. (2013). The placental mammal ancestor and the post–K-Pg radiation of placentals. Science, 339(6120), 662-667.​

Ota, K. G., Fujimoto, S., Oisi, Y., & Kuratani, S. (2011). Identification of vertebra-like elements and their possible differentiation from sclerotomes in the hagfish.Nature communications, 2​ , 373.

Otero, O., Pinton, A., Cappetta, H., Adnet, S., Valentin, X., Salem, M., & Jaeger, J. J. (2015). A fish assemblage from the Middle Eocene from Libya (Dur At-Talah) and the earliest record of modern African fish genera. PLoS One, 10(12), e0144358.​

Pan, Y., Sha, J., Zhou, Z., & Fürsich, F. T. (2013). The Jehol Biota: definition and distribution of exceptionally preserved relicts of a continental Early Cretaceous ecosystem. Cretaceous Research, 44, 30-38.

Pardo, J. D., Huttenlocker, A. K., & Small, B. J. (2014). An exceptionally preserved transitional lungfish from the Lower Permian of Nebraska, USA, and the origin of modern lungfishes. PloS One, 9(9), e108542.​

Pardo, J. D., Small, B. J., & Huttenlocker, A. K. (2017a). Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia.   Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(27), E5389-E5395.

Pardo, J. D., Szostakiwskyj, M., Ahlberg, P. E., & Anderson, J. S. (2017b). Hidden morphological diversity among early tetrapods.   Nature, 546(7660), 642.

Paton, R. L., Smithson, T. R., & Clack, J. A. (1999). An amniote-like skeleton from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland. Nature, 398(6727), 508.​

Paula Couto, C. D. (1952). Fossil mammals from the beginning of the Cenozoic in Brazil. Marsupialia: Didelphidae. American Museum Novitates, 1567, 1-26.

Pearson, M. R. (2016). Phylogeny and systematic history of early salamanders (Doctoral dissertation, UCL (University College London)).​

Pereira, J., Labiak, P. H., Stützel, T., & Schulz, C. (2017). Origin and biogeography of the ancient genus Isoëtes with focus on the Neotropics. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 185(2), 253-271.

Phillips, M. J. (2015). Four mammal fossil calibrations: balancing competing palaeontological and molecular considerations. Palaeontologia Electronica, 18(1), 1-16.​

Phipps, C. J., Taylor, T. N., Taylor, E. L., Cúneo, N. R., Boucher, L. D., & Yao, X. (1998). Osmunda (Osmundaceae) from the Triassic of Antarctica: an example of evolutionary stasis. American Journal of Botany, 85(6), 888-895.

Pian, R., Archer, M., Hand, S. J., Beck, R. M., & Cody, A. (2016). The upper dentition and relationships of the enigmatic Australian Cretaceous mammal Kollikodon ritchiei. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 74.

Porter, S. M. (2006). The Proterozoic fossil record of heterotrophic eukaryotes. In Neoproterozoic geobiology and paleobiology (pp. 1-21). Springer, Dordrecht.

Pott, C. (2012). The Upper Triassic flora of Svalbard. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 59(3), 709-740.

PPG I. (2016). A community‐derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 54(6), 563-603.

Prestianni, C., & Gess, R. W. (2014). The rooting system of Leptophloeum Dawson: new material from the upper Devonian, Famennian Witpoort formation of South Africa. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 209, 35-40.

​Prum, R. O., Berv, J. S., Dornburg, A., Field, D. J., Townsend, J. P., Lemmon, E. M., & Lemmon, A. R. (2015). A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing.   Nature, 526   (7574), 569.

Pryer, K. M., Schuettpelz, E., Wolf, P. G., Schneider, H., Smith, A. R., & Cranfill, R. (2004). Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences. American journal of Botany, 91(10), 1582-1598.

Qi, X., Kuo, L. Y., Guo, C., Li, H., Li, Z., Qi, J., ... & Guo, J. (2018). A well-resolved fern nuclear phylogeny reveals the evolution history of numerous transcription factor families. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 127, 961-977.

Qiao, T., King, B., Long, J. A., Ahlberg, P. E., & Zhu, M. (2016). Early gnathostome phylogeny revisited: multiple method consensus. PLoS One, 11(9), e0163157.​

Rage, J. C., & Rocek, Z. (1989). Redescription of Triadobatrachus massinoti (Piveteau, 1936) an anuran amphibian from the early Triassic. Palaeontographica A, 206(1-3), 1-16.​

​Rauhut, O. W., Martin, T., Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E., & Puerta, P. (2002). A Jurassic mammal from South America. Nature, 416(6877), 165.

Ravi, V., & Venkatesh, B. (2018).   The Divergent Genomes of Teleosts. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 6:1, 47-68.

Renesto, S., & Posenato, R. (2003). A new Lepidosauromorph reptile from the Middle Triassic of the Dolomites (Northern Italy). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research In Paleontology and Stratigraphy),  109(3).

Retallack, G. J. (1997). Earliest Triassic origin of Isoetes and quillwort evolutionary radiation. Journal of Paleontology, 71(3), 500-521.

Retallack, G. J. (2018). Reassessment of the Devonian problematicum Protonympha as another post‐Ediacaran vendobiont. Lethaia, 51(3), 406-423.

Rio, J. P., Mannion, P. D., Tschopp, E., Martin, J. E., & Delfino, M. (2019). Reappraisal of the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the alligatoroid crocodylian Diplocynodon hantoniensis from the late Eocene of the United Kingdom. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.​

​Ritchie, A., & Gilbert-Tomlinson, J. (1977). First Ordovician vertebrates from the southern hemisphere. Alcheringa, 1(4), 351-368.

Romano, M., Sansom, R., & Randle, E. (2018). Morphospace saturation in the stem-gnathostomes pteraspidiformes heterostracans: an early radiation of a ‘bottom’heavy clade. PeerJ, 6, e5249.

Romer, A. S. (1937). New genera and species of pelycosaurian reptiles: Proceedings of New England Zoological Club, v. 16, p. 89-95​.

Rothwell, G. W., & Stockey, R. A. (1989). Fossil Ophioglossales in the Paleocene of western North America. american Journal of botany, 76(5), 637-644.

​Rothwell, G. W., Wyatt, S. E., & Tomescu, A. M. (2014). Plant evolution at the interface of paleontology and developmental biology: An organism‐centered paradigm. American Journal of Botany, 101(6), 899-913.

Rothwell, G. W., Millay, M. A., & Stockey, R. A. (2018). Resolving the overall pattern of marattialean fern phylogeny. American journal of botany, 105(8), 1304-1314.

Rubinstein, C. V., Gerrienne, P., de la Puente, G. S., Astini, R. A., & Steemans, P. (2010). Early Middle Ordovician evidence for land plants in Argentina (eastern Gondwana). New Phytologist, 188(2), 365-369.

​Rücklin, M., Donoghue, P. C., Johanson, Z., Trinajstic, K., Marone, F., & Stampanoni, M. (2012). Development of teeth and jaws in the earliest jawed vertebrates. Nature, 491(7426), 748.

Rudall, P. J., & Bateman, R. M. (2019). Coenocytic Growth Phases in Land Plant Development: A Paleo-Evo-Devo Perspective. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 180(6), 607-622.

​Ruggiero, M. A., Gordon, D. P., Orrell, T. M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R. C., ... & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A higher level classification of all living organisms. PloS one, 10(4), e0119248.

​Ruta, M., & Clack, J. A. (2006). A review of Silvanerpeton miripedes, a stem amniote from the Lower Carboniferous of East Kirkton, West Lothian, Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 97(1), 31-63.

Ruta, M., and Coates, M.I. (2007). Dates, nodes, and character conflict: addressing the lissamphian origin problem: Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, v. 5, p. 69–122.

Ruta, M., Cisneros, J. C., Liebrecht, T., Tsuji, L. A., & Mueller, J. (2011). Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end‐Permian mass extinction. Palaeontology, 54(5), 1117-1137.​

 Rydin, C., & Friis, E. M. (2010). A new Early Cretaceous relative of Gnetales: Siphonospermum simplex   gen. et sp. nov. from the Yixian Formation of Northeast China. BMC evolutionary Biology, 10(1), 183.

Sallan, L. C. (2014). Major issues in the origins of ray‐finned fish (Actinopterygii) biodiversity. Biological Reviews, 89​(4), 950-971.

Sallan, L., Friedman, M., Sansom, R. S., Bird, C. M., & Sansom, I. J. (2018). The nearshore cradle of early vertebrate diversification. Science, 362(6413), 460-464.​

Samuels, M. E., Regnault, S., & Hutchinson, J. R. (2017). Evolution of the patellar sesamoid bone in mammals. PeerJ, 5, e3103.

Sansom, R. S. (2009). Phylogeny, classification and character polarity of the Osteostraci (Vertebrata). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 7(1), 95-115.

Sansom, I. J., Smith, M. M., & Smith, M. P. (1996). Scales of thelodont and shark-like fishes from the Ordovician of Colorado. Nature, 379(6566), 628.

Schaumberg, G. (1982). Hopleacanthus richelsdorfensis ngn sp., ein Euselachier aus dem permischen Kupferschiefer von Hessen (W-Deutschland). Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 56(3-4), 235-257.

Schoch, R. R. (2013). The evolution of major temnospondyl clades: an inclusive phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 11(6), 673-705.

Schoch, R. R. (2019). The putative lissamphibian stem-group: phylogeny and evolution of the dissorophoid temnospondyls. Journal of Paleontology, 93(1), p. 137–156.    (doi: 10.1017/jpa.2018.67)

​Schoch, R. R., & Sues, H. D. (2015). A Middle Triassic stem-turtle and the evolution of the turtle body plan. Nature, 523(7562), 584.

​Schoch, R. R., & Sues, H. D. (2016). The diapsid origin of turtles. Zoology, 119(3), 159-161.

Schuettpelz, E., & Pryer, K. M. (2009). Evidence for a Cenozoic radiation of ferns in an angiosperm-dominated canopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(27), 11200-11205.

Schwimmer, D. R., Sanders, A. E., Erickson, B. R., & Weems, R. E. (2015). A Late Cretaceous dinosaur and reptile assemblage from South Carolina, USA. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 105(2), i-157.

​Seeley, H. G. (1892). On a new reptile from Welte Vreden (Beaufort West), Eunotosaurus africanus (Seeley). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 48(1-4), 583-585.

Shan, X., Zhu, M., Zhao, W., Pan, Z., Wang, P., & Gai, Z. (2020). A new genus of sinogaleaspids (Galeaspida, stem-Gnathostomata) from the Silurian Period in Jiangxi, China. PeerJ, 8, e9008.

Shaw, A. J., Cox, C. J., & Goffinet, B. (2005). Global patterns of moss diversity: taxonomic and molecular inferences. Taxon, 54(2), 337-352.

Shelton, G. W., Stockey, R. A., Rothwell, G. W., & Tomescu, A. M. (2015). Exploring the fossil history of pleurocarpous mosses: Tricostaceae fam. nov. from the Cretaceous of Vancouver Island, Canada. American Journal of Botany, 102(11), 1883-1900.

​Shubin, N. H., & Jenkins Jr, F. A. (1995). An early Jurassic jumping frog. Nature, 377(6544), 49.

​Sigurdsen, T., & Green, D. M. (2011). The origin of modern amphibians: a re-evaluation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 162(2), 457-469.

Sigurdsen, T., Green, D. M., & Bishop, P. J. (2012). Did Triadobatrachus jump? Morphology and evolution of the anuran forelimb in relation to locomotion in early salientians. Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences, 77-89.

​Simões, T. R., Caldwell, M. W., Tałanda, M., Bernardi, M., Palci, A., Vernygora, O., ... & Nydam, R. L. (2018). The origin of squamates revealed by a Middle Triassic lizard from the Italian Alps. Nature, 557(7707), 706.

Skog, J. E., & Banks, H. P. (1973). Ibyka amphikoma, gen. et sp. n., a new protoarticulate precursor from the late Middle Devonian of New York State. American Journal of Botany, 60(4), 366-380.

​Skutschas, P. P., & Krasnolutskii, S. A. (2011). A new genus and species of basal salamanders from the Middle Jurassic of Western Siberia, Russia. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 315(2), 167-175.

​Slack, K. E., Jones, C. M., Ando, T., Harrison, G. L., Fordyce, R. E., Arnason, U., & Penny, D. (2006). Early penguin fossils, plus mitochondrial genomes, calibrate avian evolution. Molecular biology and evolution, 23(6), 1144-1155.

Smith, S. Y., Rothwell, G. W., & Stockey, R. A. (2003). Cyathea cranhamii sp. nov.(Cyatheaceae), anatomically preserved tree fern sori from the Lower Cretaceous of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. American journal of botany, 90(5), 755-760.

Smithson, T. R., & Rolfe, W. I. (1990). Westlothiana gen. nov.: naming the earliest known reptile.   Scottish Journal of Geology, 26(2), 137-138.

Sookias, R. B. (2016). The relationships of the Euparkeriidae and the rise of Archosauria. Royal Society open science, 3(3), 150674.

​Springer, M. S., Emerling, C. A., Meredith, R. W., Janečka, J. E., Eizirik, E., & Murphy, W. J. (2017). Waking the undead: Implications of a soft explosive model for the timing of placental mammal diversification. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 106, 86-102.

Stefanic, C. M., & Nesbitt, S. J. (2018). The axial skeleton of Poposaurus langstoni (Pseudosuchia: Poposauroidea) and its implications for accessory intervertebral articulation evolution in pseudosuchian archosaurs. PeerJ, 6, e4235.

​Stein, K., Palmer, C., Gill, P. G., & Benton, M. J. (2008). The aerodynamics of the British late Triassic Kuehneosauridae.   Palaeontology, 51 (4), 967-981.

Stein, W. E., Berry, C. M., Morris, J. L., Hernick, L. V., Mannolini, F., Ver Straeten, C., ... & Leake, J. R. (2020). Mid-Devonian Archaeopteris roots signal revolutionary change in earliest fossil forests. Current Biology, 30(3), 421-431.

Stensiö, E. (1932). Triassic Fishes from East Greenland collected by the Danish expeditions in 1929-1931. Meddelelser om Grønland 83(3):1-305.

Sterli, J. (2010). Phylogenetic relationships among extinct and extant turtles: the position of Pleurodira and the effects of the fossils on rooting crown-group turtles. Contributions to Zoology, 79(3), 93-106.​

Stockey, R. A. (1975). Seeds and embryos of Araucaria mirabilis. American Journal of Botany, 62(8), 856-868.

​Strapasson, A., Pinheiro, F. L., & Soares, M. B. (2014). On a New Stereospondylomorph Temnospondyl from the Middle—Late Permian of Southern Brazil. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 60(4), 843-855.

Sullivan, R. M., & Lucas, S. G. (2003). Brachychampsa montana Gilmore (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea) from the Kirtland Formation (Upper Campanian), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23(4), 832-841.

Sun, C., Li, T., Na, Y., Wu, W., Li, Y., Wang, L., & Zhang, L. (2014). Flabellariopteris, a new aquatic fern leaf from the Late Triassic of western Liaoning, China. Chinese science bulletin, 59(20), 2410-2418.

Sun, G., Dilcher, D. L., Wang, H., & Chen, Z. (2011). A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China. Nature, 471(7340), 625-628.

Swartz, B. (2012). A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of western North America. PLoS One, 7(3), e33683.

Takahashi, M., Friis, E. M., Herendeen, P. S., & Crane, P. R. (2008). Fossil flowers of Fagales from the Kamikitaba locality (early Coniacian; Late Cretaceous) of northeastern Japan. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 169(7), 899-907.

Tang, Q., Pang, K., Yuan, X., & Xiao, S. (2020). A one-billion-year-old multicellular chlorophyte. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1-7.

Tarver, J. E., Dos Reis, M., Mirarab, S., Moran, R. J., Parker, S., O’Reilly, J. E., ... & Peterson, K. J. (2016). The interrelationships of placental mammals and the limits of phylogenetic inference. Genome Biology and Evolution, 8(2), 330-344.

Taylor, E. L., Taylor, T. N., & Krings, M. (2009). Paleobotany: the biology and evolution of fossil plants. Academic Press.

Thomas, B. A. (1997). Upper Carboniferous herbaceous lycopsids. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 95(1-4), 129-153.

Thorne, R. F., & Reveal, J. L. (2007). An updated classification of the class Magnoliopsida (“Angiospermae”). The Botanical Review, 73(2), 67.

Tintori, A. (1990). The actinopterygian fish Prohalecites from the Triassic of Northern Italy. Palaeontology, 33(1), 155-174.

Trivett, M. L. (1992). Growth architecture, structure, and relationships of Cordaixylon iowensis nov. comb.(Cordaitales). International Journal of Plant Sciences, 153(2), 273-287.

Ungar, P. S., & Sues, H. D. (2019). Tetrapod Teeth: Diversity, Evolution, and Function. In Bels, V. and Wishaw, I.Q. (eds), Feeding in Vertebrates (pp. 385-429). Springer, Cham.
​
US National Academy of Sciences (2018). Evolution Resources: http://www.nas.edu/evolution/Definitions.html.

van Cittert, J. H. A., Pott, C., Kustatscher, E., Schmeissner, S., Dütsch, G., & Van Der Burgh, J. (2018). Phialopteris Heterophylla (Sternberg Ex Göppert, 1836) Comb. Nov., A Rare Schizaeaceous Fern from the Early Jurassic Of Bavaria. Fossil Imprint, 74(1-2), 55-64.

Vaškaninová, V., & Ahlberg, P. E. (2017). Unique diversity of acanthothoracid placoderms (basal jawed vertebrates) in the Early Devonian of the Prague Basin, Czech Republic: A new look at Radotina and Holopetalichthys. Plos one, 12(4), e0174794.

​Vavrek, M. J., Murray, A. M., & Bell, P. R. (2014). An early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) sturgeon (Acipenseriformes) from the Dunvegan Formation, northwestern Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 51(7), 677-681.

Vera, E. I. (2009). Alienopteris livingstonensis gen. et sp. nov., enigmatic petrified tree fern stem (Cyatheales) from the Aptian Cerro Negro Formation, Antarctica. Cretaceous Research, 30(2), 401-410.

Villarreal, J. C., & Renner, S. S. (2013). Correlates of monoicy and dioicy in hornworts, the apparent sister group to vascular plants. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13(1), 239.

Villarreal, J. C., Cargill, D. C., Hagborg, A., Soderstrom, L., & Renzaglia, K. S. (2014). A synthesis of hornwort diversity: Patterns, causes and future work. Phytotaxa, 9(1), 150-166

​Vitt, D. H., Crandall-Stotler, B., & Wood, A. J. (2014). Bryophytes, survival in a dry world through tolerance and avoidance. Plant ecology and evolution in harsh environments. New York, NY, USA: Nova Science, 267-295.

von Balthazar, M., Pedersen, K. R., Crane, P. R., & Friis, E. M. (2008). Carpestella lacunata gen. et sp. nov., a new basal angiosperm flower from the Early Cretaceous (Early to Middle Albian) of eastern North America. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 169(7), 890-898.

Von Konrat, M., Soderstrom, L., Renner, M. A., Hagborg, A., Briscoe, L., & Engel, J. J. (2014). Early land plants today (ELPT): how many liverwort species are there?. Phytotaxa, 9(1), 22-40.

Wang, Z. Q. (2004). A new Permian gnetalean cone as fossil evidence for supporting current molecular phylogeny. Annals of botany, 94(2), 281-288.

Wang, J., Feng, Z., Zhang, Y., & Wang, S. J. (2009). Confirmation of Sigillaria Brongniart as a coal‐forming plant in Cathaysia: occurrence from an Early Permian autochthonous peat‐forming flora in Inner Mongolia. Geological Journal, 44(4), 480-493.

Wang, S. J., Hilton, J., He, X. Y., Seyfullah, L. J., & Shao, L. (2014). The anatomically preserved stem Zhongmingella gen. nov. from the Upper Permian of China: evaluating the early evolution and phylogeny of the Osmundales. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 12(1), 1-22.

Wang, Y., Labandeira, C. C., Shih, C., Ding, Q., Wang, C., Zhao, Y., & Ren, D. (2012). Jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(50), 20514-20519.
​
Wang, Y., & Zhu, M. (2018). Redescription of Phymolepis cuifengshanensis (Antiarcha: Yunnanolepididae) using high-resolution computed tomography and new insights into anatomical details of the endocranium in antiarchs. PeerJ, 6, e4808.

Wang, Y., Wang, Y., & Du, W. (2016). The long-ranging macroalga Grypania spiralis from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, Guizhou, South China. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 40(3), 303-312.

​Ward, D., & Duffin, C. J. (1989). Mesozoic chimaeroids. 1. A new chimaeroid from the Early Jurassic of Gloucestershire, England. Mesozoic Res, 2(2), 45-51.

Webb, J. A. (1982). Triassic species of Dictyophyllum from eastern Australia. Alcheringa, 6(2), 79-91.

Weisbecker, V., & Beck, R. M. (2015). Marsupial and monotreme evolution and biogeography. In  Marsupials and Monotremes, Editors: A. Klieve, L. Hogan, S. Johnston, P. Murray, Chapter 1.​

Wellstead, C. F. (1982). A Lower Carboniferous aïstopod amphibian from Scotland.    Palaeontology , 25(Part 1), 193-208.

Willman, S., & Moczydłowska, M. (2008). Ediacaran acritarch biota from the Giles 1 drillhole, Officer Basin, Australia, and its potential for biostratigraphic correlation. Precambrian Research, 162(3-4), 498-530.

Wilson, C. D., Pardo, J. D., & Anderson, J. S. (2018). A primitive actinopterygian braincase from the Tournaisian of Nova Scotia. Royal Society open science, 5(5), 171727.​

Wilson, M. V., & Marss, T. (2009). Thelodont phylogeny revisited, with inclusion of key scale-based taxa/Telodontide fulogeneesiuuringud soomustepohiste taksonite kaasamisega. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 58(4), 297-311.

Wilson, R., Heinrichs, J., Hentschel, J., Gradstein, S. R., & Schneider, H. (2007). Steady diversification of derived liverworts under Tertiary climatic fluctuations. Biology letters, 3(5), 566-569.

Witzmann, F., & Marcello, R. U. T. A. (2019). Evolutionary changes in the orbits and palatal openings of early tetrapods, with emphasis on temnospondyls.   Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh,    1-18.

Wodniok, S., Brinkmann, H., Glöckner, G., Heidel, A. J., Philippe, H., Melkonian, M., & Becker, B. (2011). Origin of land plants: do conjugating green algae hold the key?. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11(1), 104.

Wood, R., Liu, A. G., Bowyer, F., Wilby, P. R., Dunn, F. S., Kenchington, C. G., ... & Penny, A. (2019). Integrated records of environmental change and evolution challenge the Cambrian Explosion. Nature ecology & evolution, 3(4), 528-538.​

Woodward, A. S. (1890). The fossil fishes of the Hawkesbury Series at Gosford. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of New South Wales. Palaeontology 4:1-57​

Worthy, T. H., & Grant‐Mackie, J. A. (2003). Late‐Pleistocene avifaunas from Cape Wanbrow, Otago, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 33(1), 427-485.​

Worthy, T. H., Mitri, M., Handley, W. D., Lee, M. S., Anderson, A., & Sand, C. (2016). Osteology supports a stem-galliform affinity for the giant extinct flightless bird Sylviornis neocaledoniae (Sylviornithidae, Galloanseres). PLoS One, 11(3).

​Worthy, T. H., Degrange, F. J., Handley, W. D., & Lee, M. S. (2017). The evolution of giant flightless birds and novel phylogenetic relationships for extinct fowl (Aves, Galloanseres). Royal Society open science, 4(10), 170975.

Xiao, S., & Tang, Q. (2018). After the boring billion and before the freezing millions: evolutionary patterns and innovations in the Tonian Period. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences, 2(2), 161-171.

​Xu, G. H., & Gao, K. Q. (2011). A new scanilepiform from the Lower Triassic of northern Gansu Province, China, and phylogenetic relationships of non-teleostean Actinopterygii. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161(3), 595-612.

Xue, J., Hao, S., & Basinger, J. F. (2010). Anatomy of the Late Devonian Denglongia hubeiensis, with a discussion of the phylogeny of the Cladoxylopsida. International journal of plant sciences, 171(1), 107-120.

Yamada, T., & Kato, M. (2002). Regnellites nagashimae gen. et sp. nov., the oldest macrofossil of Marsileaceae, from the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous of western Japan. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 163(5), 715-723.

Yang, Y., & Wang, Q. (2013). The earliest fleshy cone of Ephedra from the Early Cretaceous Yixian formation of Northeast China. PLoS One, 8(1), e53652.

Yang, Y., Lin, L., & Wang, Q. (2013). Chengia laxispicatagen et sp. nov., a new ephedroid plant from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, Northeast China: evolutionary, taxonomic, and biogeographic implications. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13(1), 72.

​Yang, Y., Lin, L., & Ferguson, D. K. (2015). Parallel evolution of leaf morphology in gnetophytes. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 15(4), 651-662.

Yang, Y., Xie, L., & Ferguson, D. K. (2017). Protognetaceae: A new gnetoid macrofossil family from the Jurassic of northeastern China. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 28, 67-77.

Yang, Y., Lin, L., Ferguson, D. K., & Wang, Y. (2018). Macrofossil evidence unveiling evolution of male cones in Ephedraceae (Gnetidae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 18(1), 1-9.

Yao, Z., & Taylor, T. N. (1988). On a new gleicheniaceous fern from the Permian of South China. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 54(1-2), 121-134.
​
Yin, L. M., Wang, D., Yuan, X. L., & Zhou, C. M. (2011). Diverse small spinose acritarchs from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, South China. Palaeoworld, 20(4), 279-289.

Yonezawa, T., Segawa, T., Mori, H., Campos, P. F., Hongoh, Y., Endo, H., ... & Jin, H. (2017). Phylogenomics and morphology of extinct paleognaths reveal the origin and evolution of the ratites. Current Biology, 27(1), 68-77.​

Yuri, T., Kimball, R. T., Harshman, J., Bowie, R. C., Braun, M. J., Chojnowski, J. L., ... & Reddy, S. (2013). Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals.   Biology, 2 (1), 419-444.

Zelenitsky, D. K., Therrien, F., Erickson, G. M., DeBuhr, C. L., Kobayashi, Y., Eberth, D. A., & Hadfield, F. (2012). Feathered non-avian dinosaurs from North America provide insight into wing origins. Science, 338(6106), 510-514.​

​Zhang, J.-Y. (2006). Phylogeny of Osteoglossomorpha. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 1, 43-59.

​Zhou, W., Shi, G., Zhou, Z., & Wang, J. (2017). Roof shale flora of Coal Seam 6 from the Asselian (lower Permian) Taiyuan Formation of the Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia and its ecostratigraphic significance. Acta Geologica Sinica‐English Edition, 91(1), 22-38.

Zhou, Z. (2003). Mesozoic ginkgoaleans: phylogeny, classification and evolutionary trends. Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 25(4), 377-396.

Zhu, M., & Fan, J. (1995). Youngolepis from the Xishancun Formation (Early Lochkovian) of Qujing; China. Geobios, 28, 293-299.

​Zhu, M., & Yu, X. (2002). A primitive fish close to the common ancestor of tetrapods and lungfish. Nature, 418(6899), 767.

Zhu, M., Zhao, W., Jia, L., Lu, J., Qiao, T., & Qu, Q. (2009). The oldest articulated osteichthyan reveals mosaic gnathostome characters. Nature, 458(7237), 469-474.​

Zhu, M., Wang, W., & Yu, X. (2010). Meemannia eos, a basal sarcopterygian fish from the Lower Devonian of China–expanded description and significance. Morphology, phylogeny and paleobiogeography of fossil fishes. München: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 199-214.

Zhu, M., Yu, X., Choo, B., Wang, J., & Jia, L. (2012). An antiarch placoderm shows that pelvic girdles arose at the root of jawed vertebrates.   Biology Letters, 8(3), 453-456.

Zhu, M., Yu, X., Ahlberg, P. E., Choo, B., Lu, J., Qiao, T., ... & Zhu, Y. A. (2013). A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones. Nature, 502(7470), 188.​

​Zhu, M., Ahlberg, P. E., Pan, Z., Zhu, Y., Qiao, T., Zhao, W., ... & Lu, J. (2016a). A Silurian maxillate placoderm illuminates jaw evolution.   Science, 354(6310), 334-336.

Zhu, S., Zhu, M., Knoll, A. H., Yin, Z., Zhao, F., Sun, S., ... & Liu, H. (2016b). Decimetre-scale multicellular eukaryotes from the 1.56-billion-year-old Gaoyuzhuang Formation in North China. Nature communications, 7(1), 1-8.​

​Zhu, Y. A., Ahlberg, P., & Zhu, M. (2019a). The evolution of vertebrate dermal jaw bones in the light of maxillate placoderms. Evolution and development of fishes, 71-86.

Zhu, Y. A., Lu, J., & Zhu, M. (2019b). Reappraisal of the Silurian placoderm Silurolepis and insights into the dermal neck joint evolution. Royal Society open science, 6(9), 191181.